PLANTS OF THE BIBLE

Mallow. Dr. David Darom. Mallow. © Dr. David Darom.   almond tree. dr. david darom. Almond tree. © Dr. David Darom.   THE BIBLE MENTIONS ABOUT 100 NAMES OF PLANTS, THE BULK OF THEM FROM EREẒ ISRAEL, THE OTHERS BEING TREES OF LEBANON AND TROPICAL PLANTS THAT YIELD AN AROMATIC SUBSTANCE OR ARE USED IN INCENSE. ISRAEL IS AT THE CONVERGENCE OF THREE FLORAL REGIONS, WHICH RESULTS IN A WIDE VARIETY OF PLANT LIFE.   Almonds. Dr. David Darom. Almonds. © Dr. David Darom.   apple blossom. dr. david darom. Apple blossom. © Dr. David Darom.   Anise. Dr. David Darom. Anise. © Dr. David Darom.   broad bean blossom. dr. david darom. Broad bean blossom. © Dr. David Darom.   Cattail. Dr. David Darom. Cattail. © Dr. David Darom.     Balm. Dr. David Darom. Balm. © Dr. David Darom.   Barley. Dr. David Darom. Barley. © Dr. David Darom.   Briar. Dr. David Darom. Briar. © Dr. David Darom.   Cedar. Dr. David Darom. Cedar. © Dr. David Darom.   Citron. Dr. David Darom. Citron. © Dr. David Darom.   Coriander. Dr. David Darom. Coriander. © Dr. David Darom.   Cumin. Dr. David Darom. Cumin. © Dr. David Darom.   Flax. Dr. David Darom. Flax. © Dr. David Darom.   Garlic. Dr. David Darom. Garlic. © Dr. David Darom.     Gourds. Dr. David Darom. Gourds. © Dr. David Darom.   Hemlock (gall). Dr. David Darom.. Dr. David Darom.") Hemlock (gall). © Dr. David Darom.   Lily. Dr. David Darom. Lily. © Dr. David Darom.   Mandrakes. Dr. David Darom. Mandrakes. © Dr. David Darom.   common millet. dr. david darom. Common millet. © Dr. David Darom.     Leeks. Dr. David Darom. Leeks. © Dr. David Darom.   Lentils. Dr. David Darom. Lentils. © Dr. David Darom.   Millet (sorghum). Dr. David Darom.. Dr. David Darom.") Millet (sorghum). © Dr. David Darom.   Mint. Dr. David Darom. Mint. © Dr. David Darom.   Mulberry. Dr. David Darom. Mulberry. © Dr. David Darom.     Mustard. Dr. David Darom. Mustard. © Dr. David Darom.   Myrrh. Dr. David Darom. Myrrh. © Dr. David Darom.   Nettle. Dr. David Darom. Nettle. © Dr. David Darom.   Onions. Dr. David Darom. Onions. © Dr. David Darom.   palm dates. dr. david darom. Palm dates. © Dr. David Darom.     Acorn. Dr. David Darom. Acorn. © Dr. David Darom.   oak tree. dr. david darom. Oak tree. © Dr. David Darom.   olive tree. dr. david darom. Olive tree. © Dr. David Darom.   pine tree. dr. david darom. Pine tree. © Dr. David Darom.   Pistachio. Dr. David Darom. Pistachio. © Dr. David Darom.   pistachio nuts. dr. david darom. Pistachio nuts. © Dr. David Darom.   plane tree. dr. david darom. Plane tree. © Dr. David Darom.   Pods (Carob). Dr. David Darom.. Dr. David Darom.") Pods (Carob). © Dr. David Darom.   white poplar. dr. david darom. White poplar. © Dr. David Darom.     Reeds. Dr. David Darom. Reeds. © Dr. David Darom.   Rue. Dr. David Darom. Rue. © Dr. David Darom.   Saffron. Dr. David Darom. Saffron. © Dr. David Darom.   Tamarisk. Dr. David Darom. Tamarisk. © Dr. David Darom.   Thistles. Dr. David Darom. Thistles. © Dr. David Darom.   Thorns. Dr. David Darom. Thorns. © Dr. David Darom.   Weeds. Dr. David Darom. Weeds. © Dr. David Darom.   Willow. Dr. David Darom. Willow. © Dr. David Darom.   Half Title Page ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA Title Page ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA SECOND EDITION VOLUME 17 RA–SAM FRED SKOLNIK, Editor in Chief MICHAEL BERENBAUM, Executive Editor Copyright Page copyright page ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition Fred Skolnik, Editor in Chief Michael Berenbaum, Executive Editor Shlomo S. (Yosh) Gafni, Editorial Project Manager Rachel Gilon, Editorial Project Planning and Control Gale, an imprint of Cengage Learning Gordon Macomber, President Frank Menchaca, Senior Vice President and Publisher Jay Flynn, Publisher Hélène Potter, Publishing Director Keter Publishing House Yiphtach Dekel, Chief Executive Officer Peter Tomkins, Executive Project Director Complete staff listings appear in Volume 1 ©2007 Keter Publishing House Ltd. Gale, is a part of The Cengage Learning Inc. 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Jews — Encyclopedias. I. Skolnik, Fred. II. Berenbaum, Michael, 1945- DS102.8.E496 2007 909′.04924 — dc22      2006020426 ISBN-13: 978-0-02-865928-2 (set) 978-0-02-865929-9 (vol. 1) 978-0-02-865930-5 (vol. 2) 978-0-02-865931-2 (vol. 3) 978-0-02-865932-9 (vol. 4) 978-0-02-865933-6 (vol. 5) 978-0-02-865934-3 (vol. 6) 978-0-02-865935-0 (vol. 7) 978-0-02-865936-7 (vol. 8) 978-0-02-865937-4 (vol. 9) 978-0-02-865938-1 (vol. 10) 978-0-02-865939-8 (vol. 11) 978-0-02-865940-4 (vol. 12) 978-0-02-865941-1 (vol. 13) 978-0-02-865942-8 (vol. 14) 978-0-02-865943-5 (vol. 15) 978-0-02-865944-2 (vol. 16) 978-0-02-865945-9 (vol. 17) 978-0-02-865946-6 (vol. 18) 978-0-02-865947-3 (vol. 19) 978-0-02-865948-0 (vol. 20) 978-0-02-865949-7 (vol. 21) 978-0-02-865950-3 (vol. 22) This title is also available as an e-book ISBN-10: 0-02-866097-8 ISBN-13: 978-0-02-866097-4 Contact your Gale, an imprint of Cengage Learning representative for ordering information. Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Entries RA–SAM OF 5 • Abbreviations GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS 783 ABBREVIATIONS USED IN RABBINICAL LITERATURE 784 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ABBREVIATIONS 790 • Transliteration Rules 803 Glossary 806 RAAB, ESTHER RAAB, ESTHER (1894–1981), Hebrew poet. Raab, born in Petaḥ Tikvah, is considered the first Hebrew poetess in Ereẓ Israel. Her father, judah raab , had immigrated from Hungary and helped found the first moshavah, where she grew up in poverty and hardship. After a short stay in Deganyah, she worked in Ben Shemen and returned home. In 1921 she married her cousin, the merchant Yitzhak Green and spent five years with him in Cairo and in Paris. Back in Tel Aviv, the couple's home became a meeting place for writers and painters. Her first poems appeared in Hedim in the beginning of the 1920s. In 1930, shortly before the publication of her first collection of poems, Kimshonim (Thistles, 2002), her husband died. Two years later, Raab married the painter Arieh Alweil. Her second collection, Shirei Esther Raab, appeared more than 30 years later, in 1964. Her late poems appeared in the volume Tefillah Aḥaronah ("Last Prayer," 1972). Yalkut Shirim, published in 1982, includes a lengthy introduction by Reuven Shoham. A collection of stories, Gan she-Ḥarav, with stories depicting her childhood and youth in the moshavah and her vivid impressions of her stay in Egypt, appeared in 1983. Her nephew, the writer Ehud Ben Ezer, edited Kol ha-Shirim (1988) and Kol ha-Prozah (2001) and wrote her biography Yamim shel La'anah u-Devash ("Days of Gall and Honey"–including a bibliography, 1998). The landscape of Ereẓ Israel and the Orient, colors, shades, and smells, and particularly the flora of the homeland make up her poetic texture. Raab expresses a genuine love for the country, the soil, the space, and writes passionate lyrical poetry, expressing yearning, pain, disappointment, and loneliness. The growing interest in Hebrew women writers and their oeuvre has also given rise to a rediscovery and re-appreciation of Esther Raab and her poetry. In addition to the English collection Thistles, to which the translator Harold Schimmel added an Introduction, single poems and stories appeared in foreign anthologies. For translations see the ITHL website at www.ithl.org.il. -BIBLIOGRAPHY: E. Sharoni, "Edenic Energy: E. Raab's Unmediated Vision of Nature," in: Modern Hebrew Literature 8:3–4 (1983), 62–69; D. Melamed, "Requiem for a Landscape," in: Modern Hebrew Literature, 9:3–4 (1984), 69–72; A. Lerner, "'A Woman's Song': The Poetry of E. Raab," in: Gender and Text in Modern Hebrew and Yiddish Literature (1992), 17–38; idem, "The Naked Land: Nature in the Poetry of E. Raab," in: Women of the Word (1994), 236–57; B. Mann, "Framing the Native: E. Raab's Visual Poetics," in: Israel Studies, 4:1 (1999), 234–57; H. Zamir, "Ahavat Moledet ve-Si'aḥ Ḥershim," in: Theory and Criticism, 7 (1995), 125–45; E. Ben Ezer, "E. Raab ve-ha-Aravim," in: Nativ, 9:5 (1996), 72–78; Z. Luz, E. Raab, Monografiyyah (1997); E. Ben Ezer, "Or Ḥadash al E. Raab ve-Y. Luidor," in: Iton 77, 255 (2001), 17–20; Sh. Zayit, "'Ani Amarti et Kol ha-Emet, Ani Nishba'at': Ha-Model ha-Biografi shel E. Raab," in: Masad, 2 (2004), 21–29. (Anat Feinberg (2nd ed.)